ABSTRACT
Introduction: In uncontrolled hyperglycemia, lungs, tongue, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways having increased glycosylated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) can serve as good viral binding sites for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leading to a greater tendency and considerable risk of prolonged life-threatening disease. This review was written with the objective to extract the recent advances, updates, and discoveries about the effects of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) on patients with diabetes and its microvascular complications. It was further written with the aim to discuss the current state of knowledge that has not yet been confirmed or unconfirmed, leading to various debatable issues about COVID-19-associated with microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and searched scientific sites related to our review article such as Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE of last nearly two and half years. Results: The individuals who are suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus experience more organ damage by SARS-Cov-2 due to cytokine storm. The pro-inflammatory state, lower primary immune system response, and increased ACE2 level with dysregulation of vascular function and the prothrombic state in patients with diabetes may increase the vulnerability for COVID-19 and worsened prognosis. The patients have reduced prognosis leading to microvascular complications such as diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. In diabetes retinopathy, it induces the changes in the vasculature of the retinal veins. These viruses can directly affect the nervous tissue and/or can indirectly via activating the immune system-mediated mechanisms leading to diabetic neuropathy as well. Conclusions and Implications: During the cytokine storm the amount of D-dimer in the serum gets significantly increased, due to increased activating plasmin at the early stage of inflammation. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia leads to diabetic complications leading to increased mortality rate in patients with COVID-19. Thus, diabetes and its associated microvascular complications may lead to the severity and mortality in the patients with COVID-19. More of clinical practice and further studies should be implicated through this review article. Laboratory findings and clinical records are of much help in patients with diabetes and COVID-19. Worldwide studies from different countries apart from China should be considered to reach a conclusion about the conditions of patients with diabetes and microvasculature complications around the world.
ABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic has wreaked havoc across the globe. In the realm of education, this pandemic has resulted in the widespread suspension of face-to-face operations at educational institutions in over 190 countries in order to limit the virus's spread and reduce its effects. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), more than 1.2 billion students at all levels of education have quit attending face-to-face lectures by mid-May 2020. More than 1.5 billion students and learners have been affected by school and university closures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, different tools and techniques for online learning which can ensure the continuity of learning are highlighted. Some emerging approaches by the Ministry of Education across the country for online learning platforms are presented. It consists of all country-wise online learning platforms under UNESCO. The descriptive research method was used in the study and data was collected from different countries by visiting UNESCO websites. The results indicate that the global financial situation has boosted educational innovation. The study has seen innovative methods for guaranteeing education and training continuity, from radio and television to take-home packages. The significant learning experience of students, as well as governments' and other relevant stakeholders' long-term responsibilities to learners, and students' reactions to online education depend on their competency with online tools. © 2021. Library Philosophy and Practice. All Rights Reserved.
ABSTRACT
With the rapid advancement of society, online learning has become more popular in the entire world due to Covid-19 pandemic. The pandemic offered almost a total paradigm shift to online teaching and learning across various educational platforms. This paper was aimed at reviewing the teaching and learning changes in higher education during COVID-19 Lockdown using empirical evidence from central universities in India. The study adopted a survey method utilizing an online questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. The study covered 19 Central Universities in India that are offering Library and Information Science courses. Major findings showed, amongst others, that- most universities provided online classes during the lockdown period;Zoom application was the most utilized for online instructional during the COVID-19 Lockdown;the major difficulty faced by students during the online classes was the lack of internet facilities;the use of webinars in the field of LIS field was considered as an important source of education and learning. Based on these findings, key implications were discussed for the sustainability of LIS teaching and learning in higher education. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.